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Dalmatian City-States were the Dalmatian localities where the local romance population survived the barbarian invasions. Eight little cities were created by those autochthonous inhabitants that maintained political links with the Byzantine Empire (that defended these cities allowing their commerce).〔( Thomas Jackson: Recovery of Roman municipalities. p. 14-16 )〕 The original name of the cities was ''Jadera, Spalatum, Crespa, Arba, Tragurium, Vecla, Ragusium'' and ''Cattarum''. The language and the laws where initially Latin, but after a few centuries they developed their own neolatin language (the "Dalmatico"), that lasted until the 19th century. The cities were maritime centers with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing Republic of Venice. ==History== Dalmatia after the fall of the Roman Empire consisted of a group of autochthonous coastal cities functioning much like city-states, with extensive autonomy, but in mutual conflict and without control of the rural hinterland controlled by the Slavs who arrived after 640 AD.〔(Giovanni Cattalinich. "Storia della Dalmazia" V chapter )〕 Ethnically, Dalmatia started out as a Roman region, with a romance culture that began to develop independently, forming the now-extinct Dalmatian language called "Dalmatico". So, these cities were characterized by common latin laws, catholic religion, the same romance language, common commerce and same political/administrative structures and entities. Since the seventh century there were eight areas of byzantine Dalmatia that developed into eight "neo-latin" City-states, maintaining their roman roots (language, ethnic population, customs, laws, etc..) despite the destructive barbarian invasions. The eight City-states were: * ''Jadera'', later called "Zara" in Italian and "Zadar" in Croatian. Originally a small island in the central Dalmatia coast * ''Spalatum'', it: "Spalato" and cr: "Split". Initially created inside the Diocletian Palace * ''Crespa'', it: "Cherso" and cr: "Cres". In an island in northern Dalmatia * ''Arba'', it: "Arbe" and cr: "Rab". In a small island in front of the northern Velebit mountains * ''Tragurium'', it: "Trau" and cr: "Trogir". In a small island not far away from Roman Salona * ''Vecla'', it: "Veglia" and cr: "Krk". In an island near the northern Dalmatia coast * ''Ragusium'', it: "Ragusa" and cr: "Dubrovnik". Originally a small island in southern Dalmatia * ''Cattarum'', it: "Cattaro' and cr: "Kotor". Inside the fiord of Montenegro. Later were added other cities in north-central Dalmatia, like Sebenicum (actual Sibenik), Flumen (actual Rijeka) and Pagus (actual Pag). Indeed in the Early Medieval period, Byzantine Dalmatia was ravaged by an Avar invasion that destroyed its capital, Salona, in 639 AD, an event that allowed for the settlement of the nearby Diocletian's Palace in Spalatum by Salonitans, greatly increasing the importance of the city. The Avars were followed by the great South Slavic migrations.〔Curta Florin. "Southwestern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250". Introduction〕 The Slavs, loosely allied with the Avars, permanently settled the region in the first half of the 7th century AD and remained its predominant ethnic group ever since. The Croats soon formed their own realm: the Principality of Dalmatian Croatia ruled by native Princes of Guduscan origin. The meaning of the geographical term "Dalmatia", now shrunk to the cities and their immediate hinterland. These cities and towns remained influential as they were well fortified and maintained their connection with the Byzantine Empire. The two communities were somewhat hostile at first, but as the Croats became Christianized this tension increasingly subsided. A degree of cultural mingling soon took place, in some enclaves stronger, in others weaker, as Slavic influence and culture was more accentuated in Ragusium and Cattarum while the influence from the Italian peninsula was stronger in the northern Dalmatia islands and in Jadera and Spalatum. Around 950 AD as the Dalmatian city states gradually lost all protection by Byzantium, being unable to unite in a defensive league hindered by their internal dissensions, they had to turn to Venice for support. Each of the Dalmatian city states needed protection (even from Narentane piracy), based mostly on economic reasons. In the year 1000 AD an expedition of Venetian ships in coastal Istria and Dalmatia secured the Venetian suzerainty in the area, and the Narentines, Slav pirates, were suppressed permanently. In the occasion Doge Orseolo named himself "Duke of Dalmatia", starting the colonial Empire of Venice. The Venetians, to whom the Dalmatians were already bound by language and culture, could afford to concede liberal terms as its main goal was to prevent the development of any dangerous political or commercial competitor on the eastern Adriatic. The seafaring community in Dalmatia looked to Venice as the new "queen" of the Adriatic sea. In return for protection, these 8 "neolatin" cities often furnished a contingent to the army or navy of their suzerain, and sometimes paid tribute either in money or in kind. Arbe (actual Rab), for example, annually paid ten pounds of silk or five pounds of gold to Venice. The Dalmatian cities might elect their own chief magistrate, bishop and judges; their Roman law remained valid and they were even permitted to conclude separate alliances. In these centuries started to disappear the Dalmatian language, that was assimilated by the venetian dialect.Dalmatian was spoken on the Dalmatian coast from Fiume (now Rijeka) as far south as Cottorum (Kotor) in Montenegro. Speakers lived mainly in the coastal towns of Jadera (Zadar), Tragurium (Trogir), Spalatum〔(Colloquia Maruliana, Vol. 12 Travanj 2003. ) Zarko Muljacic — On the Dalmato-Romance in Marulić's Works (hrcak.srce.hr). Spalatum Romance (''Spalatin'') is studied by the author. Zarko Muljacic has set off in the only way possible, the indirect way of attempting to trace the secrets of its historical phonology by analysing any lexemes of possible Dalmato-Romance origin that have been preserved in Marulić's Croatian works.〕 (Split), Ragusium (Dubrovnik) and also on the islands of Curicta (Krk), Crepsa (Cres) and Arba (Rab). Almost every city developed its own dialect, but the most important dialects we know of were ''Vegliot'', a northern dialect spoken on the island of Curicta, and ''Ragusan'', a southern dialect spoken in and around Ragusa (Dubrovnik). The cities of Jadera, Spalatum, Tragurium and Ragusium and the surrounding territories each changed hands several times between Venice, Hungary and the Byzantium during the 12th century. In 1202, the armies of the Fourth Crusade rendered assistance to Venice by occupying Jadera, that started to be officially called ''Zara''. In 1204 the same army conquered Byzantium and finally eliminated the Eastern Empire from the list of contenders on Dalmatian territory. The late 13th century was marked by a decline in external hostilities. The Dalmatian cities started accepting complete foreign sovereignty, mainly the one of the Republic of Venice. The only exception was Ragusium, that remained independent creating the Republic of Ragusa that lasted until the 1807 Napoleon conquest. From 1420 started the venetian domination of the other seven of the original Dalmatian City-States, that were fully integrated in the venetian (and Italian) society of the Italian Renaissance. Zara become the capital of Venetian Dalmatia - as part of the Stato da Mar- until the 1797 end of the Republic of Venice and in the next centuries the city was the main center of the Dalmatian Italians. The last speaker of any Dalmatian dialect of the Dalmatian City-States was Tuone Udaina ((イタリア語:Antonio Udina)), who was accidentally killed in an explosion on June 10, 1898 in the island of Veglia (actual Krk) With him disappeared the last vestige of the Dalmatian neolatin cities. His language 〔(Romance languages in Istria and Dalmatia (in ancient Italian) )〕 was studied by the scholar Matteo Bartoli, himself a native of nearby Istria, who visited him in 1897 and wrote down approximately 2,800 words, stories, and accounts of his life, which were published in a book that has provided much information on the vocabulary, phonology, and grammar of the language. Bartoli wrote in Italian and published a translation in German (''ドイツ語:Das Dalmatische'') in 1906: this book is considered the first on ethnic minority disappearance in world literature. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dalmatian city-states」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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